The U.S. government recently revamped its password recommendations, abandoning its endorsement of picking a favorite phrase and replacing a couple characters with. How to Create a Strong Password. The U. S. government recently revamped its password recommendations, abandoning its endorsement of picking a favorite phrase and replacing a couple characters with symbols, like c. R. These short, hard- to- read passwords look complicated to humans but very very simple to computers. Instead, you want long, weird strings that neither computers nor people can guess. Humans are bad at coming up with these—we all pick the same “random” words, and we’re bad at remembering actually random strings. Follow this guide to make good passwords, or better yet, let an app make and remember them for you. Make your passwords very long. Your enemy isn’t some guy in a ski mask trying to guess your password one try at a time. It’s a program that automatically runs through massive databases of common passwords or random combinations of characters. The best answer to that is a very long string of words. As the webcomic xkcd famously pointed out, a bunch of plain words is pretty good. But as many hackers use “dictionary attacks” to guess regular words, it’s best to add some capital letters, special characters, or numbers.
Don’t use a common phrase. But don’t use the same bunch of plain words as everyone else. If your password consisted of the entire script of Hamlet, it would still be unsafe if everyone else had the same password. When in the course of human events” is a shitty password. So is a famous movie line, or a Bible verse, or even an acronym of a Bible verse. As we’ve established time and again, your clever tricks aren’t protecting your password. If you or…Read more And don’t get clever with thematic or personally meaningful passwords. Sometimes humans do try to crack passwords, so don’t help them out by using your son’s birthday or the phrase printed on your favorite coffee mug. Test your password. If you use a password manager, it’ll test your password in real time, on the safety of your computer. The sites How Secure Is My Password?, How Big Is Your Password?, and How Strong Is Your Password? But they won’t warn you about common guessable phrases, like those Bible verses. Of course, typing your passwords into unfamiliar sites is a bad habit. These sites are safe, as they’re all publicly run by trusted developers who promise that your entered text never leaves your computer. Still, to be safe, just use these sites to get the gist before you make your real password. Don’t reuse your password. When your password on some web service gets hacked (and it will), you’d better hope you didn’t use the same password on three other services. Don’t use a weak password for services that “don’t matter,” because some day you might give one of those services your credit card info, or use it to authorize more important services, and you won’t think to beef up your password. Yahoo has confirmed that information from at least 5. Read more Use a password manager. Until you do this, no matter how hard you try all the rules above, you will keep picking bad passwords. Here’s how: Your “random” string of words will be something like “monkey dragon baseball princess,” four extremely common password words, and a computer will guess it. You’ll pick something memorable, which will limit your options, and a computer will guess it. Toyota's Secret Project To Make A Hydrogen Fuel Cell-Powered Big Rig. If you’ve been shooting conspiracy theory YouTube videos about Toyota’s secretive Project.![]() You’ll manage to make a password a computer can’t guess, and you’ll forget it, and you’ll have to replace it with a weaker password, and a computer will guess it. You’ll pick something identifiable to anyone who follows you on Twitter or Facebook—like your dog’s name—and a human will guess it. Internet standards expert, CEO of web company i. Fusion Labs, and blogger John Pozadzides knows a…Read more Instead, get your computer to make and remember your passwords for you. This is the only reliable but convenient way to manage the vast quantity of passwords that modern life requires. The current best in class is 1. Password. If you don’t care about the detailed differences between managers, just grab this one and follow Lifehacker’s setup guide. Using a password manager is basically internet security 1. Read more There are several other fantastic, full- featured password managers for Windows and OS X, beloved by Lifehacker staff and readers. All these apps will create and remember your passwords. And all of them tell you how secure each of your passwords are. Some even alert you when the services you use get hacked, whether or not you were personally exposed. You have a ton of options for password managers, but when it comes to your security, you want the…Read more Of these top picks, the most distinctive is the open- source Kee. Pass. It focuses on local storage rather than cloud solutions, and it even lets you use a file to unlock it, so you could turn a physical thumb drive into your “password.”Cloud- based services like 1. Password and Last. Pass are more vulnerable to remote attacks. But because they heavily encrypt your data and don’t store your master password, you’re still safe even if those services are hacked—as long as your master password is too hard to crack. You can also sync your encrypted password file with Dropbox or Google Drive; a hacker would still need your master password to unlock it.)You know you’re supposed to use a password manager. In fact, you’ve been meaning to set one up for…Read more You just need to remember one password: The one that locks your password manager. Follow all the rules above to create a strong master password, especially if you sync your data. Otherwise, if your password service ever gets hacked, the hackers will also guess your weak master password, and they will swim around in all your accounts as in a silo of Scrooge Mc. Duck money. Now if you just have to write that master password down, do it on paper, and keep it somewhere safe like your wallet. Don’t write “MASTER PASSWORD” on it. Rip it up as soon as you’ve memorized it (which will take just a day or two, thanks to the muscle memory of typing it in every time you log into anything). Don’t forget your master password, or you could be completely and utterly screwed. Using a password manager is smart security. That’s nothing new. However, the best password managers …Read more Don’t store passwords in your browser. Those can get hacked, too. Some of Opera’s saved passwords were partially hacked last year. Even Google accounts are vulnerable. A hacker doesn’t have to defeat Google’s security—they just have to trick you, and it’s a lot easier for hackers to pose as Google and request your login than it is for them to pretend to be your chosen password management app. If your Google account gets hacked, you’ll be in enough trouble without also worrying about all your saved passwords. Follow the rules every time. Of course, your bank, your doctor’s portal, and your library are still following the outdated security recommendations, so they’ll still force you to follow weirdly specific rules for password creation, like making you start with a letter or include one symbol. Ironically, by lowering the number of possible passwords, these rules make them easier to crack.)First generate a random, secure password with your password manager. Then amend that password as minimally as possible to comply with the service’s specific rules. Do your password editing inside your password manager, so it can alert you if you’re turning a strong password into a weak one. We’ve covered how to create a memorable password if you absolutely have to. But since all our recommended password managers offer mobile apps (Kee. Pass recommends certain third- party mobile ports), you can save your password anywhere you go. There’s just no reason to make up your own password. Use two- factor authentication. While it isn’t foolproof, two- factor provides a layer of security for only a minimal loss of convenience. But not all two- factor is equally secure. Dedicated authentication apps are a lot safer than just getting a code over SMS. But both are safer than a password alone. Two- factor authentication is one of the most important ways to protect your accounts. However,…Read more Don’t ruin all this by using security questions. Security questions? More like insecurity questions! I’m fun at parties. Point is, the concept of security questions made some sense when they were used in 1. Google up your mother’s maiden name, where you went to high school, or your favorite ice cream flavor, then call Amazon tech support and pose as you.
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![]() Mysql> SELECT 0 IS NULL, 0 IS NOT NULL. The function 'COALESCE' can simplify working with null values. in your SELECT statement. Mysql Update: Null + 1 is Null! You can't add to Null. Here's something about mysql create table definitions that can easily catch you if you aren't careful. Consider this table definition: CREATETABLE screenshots (id INTNOTNULLAUTO_INCREMENTPRIMARYKEY, votes INT); mysql> CREATE TABLE screenshots (id INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY, votes INT); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0. What the user wanted was a simple table to keep track of user submitted screen shots. Of course the real table had a submission date, and name column but I've omitted those in order to focus on what can happen when you allow a numeric column to have NULL values. In the application in question, when a user votes for the screen shot they like, the system should "count" the vote, by increasing the values in the "votes" column by one. Initially the developer working on this application was trying to read the value from the database, and in a PHP web script, they would increment this value and take the result and set "votes" to be equal to it in an UPDATE statement. I explained that this could cause lost votes, because if two or more users were voting at nearly the same time, each would overwrite the value of the "vote" column. In fact there are scenarios far worse than that - -- a user with a cached page could vote and set the vote count back days or weeks. I didn't bother to mention the possibility that someone might recognize what was going on in the web form, and start tampering with it, since it was plainly evident that the form was passing the current number of votes. One of the many benefits of using a relational database is built in concurrency. In an UPDATE statement, you can add to the value of the column without having to know what its original value is, just as computer languages allow assignment to a variable that references the variable's current value (ie. UPDATE screenshots SET votes = votes +1. WHERE id = All that's needed is to have the serverside language provide a value for a particular "id" and the votes will be tallied and updated correctly. Even more importantly, mysql will serialize the updates, insuring that no votes are lost. However, given the original Mysql CREATE TABLE statement , what will happen if our code embeds the UPDATE statement provided? The Dangers of Null number columns. First off, let's describe the table we just created and see what we actually got. Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+- -- -- -- +- -- -- -- -- +- -- -- -+- -- -- +- -- -- -- -- +- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -+|id | int(1. NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment || votes | int(1. YES | | NULL | |+- -- -- -- +- -- -- -- -- +- -- -- -+- -- -- +- -- -- -- -- +- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -+2 rows inset(0. Notice the definition for votes which allows for NULL and has no Default value. This occurs because with mysql, the default for columns in a CREATE TABLE statement is for columns to allow NULL unless explicitly specified to be NOT NULL. When a screenshot row is created, unless we're very careful we can easily insert a row like this: mysql> insert into screenshots (votes) values (''); Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0. Query OK, 1 row affected (0. NULL |+- -- -+- -- -- -- +2 rows inset(0. Query OK, 1 row affected (0. NULL || 3| NULL |+- -- -+- -- -- -- +3 rows inset(0. So we get our first glimpse of some odd mysql behavior. When we assign null directly, mysql dutifully sets the column to be null. Also if the column is omitted, it also gets set to null. Oddly enough, when attempting to assign what many languages would consider a null compatible "Null string" ('' or "") mysql decides to set the value to zero. While this is what we want to have happen, we shouldn't need to rely on this odd side effect to get zero. You might also ask, why do we care whether the value is zero initially? Null + 1? What happens when you try and UPDATE votes + 1 when the original value of Votes IS NULL? UPDATE screenshots SET votes = votes + 1 WHERE id = 2; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0. Rows matched: 1 Changed: 0 Warnings: 0. The command line mysql client provides us some very important information here - - Rows matched: 1 Changed: 0 Warnings: 0. So while Mysql found the row to update, it didn't actually change the row. This is one of the many reasons you need to be very careful with NULL values in any relational database engine. NULL is often considered from the database point of view to be the "absence of a value". In other words, the value is unknown, so mysql takes the position that "UNKNOWN" + 1 is still "UNKNOWN". Logical enough, but this may come as a big surprise to those people who would rather in this case that NULL be considered to be the same as Zero. Selecting the table confirms that the row was not changed. NULL || 3| NULL |+- -- -+- -- -- -- +3 rows inset(0. If however, we update the row with id 1, using the same statement, mysql works as expected: mysql> UPDATE screenshots SET votes = votes + 1 WHERE id = 1; Query OK, 1 row affected (0. Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0mysql> select* from screenshots; +- -- -+- -- -- -- +|id| votes |+- -- -+- -- -- -- +| 1| 1|| 2| NULL || 3| NULL |+- -- -+- -- -- -- +3 rows inset(0. Default and NOT NULL to the rescue. The solution to this problem is to insure that the row is initialized so that the votes column starts out with 0. Let's drop the table and recreate it using NOT NULL and Default "0" for the votes column definition": CREATETABLE screenshots (id INTNOTNULLAUTO_INCREMENTPRIMARYKEY, votes INTNOTNULLDEFAULT"0"); Now when we describe screenshots, we get this: mysql> describe screenshots; +- -- -- -- +- -- -- -- -- +- -- -- -+- -- -- +- -- -- -- -- +- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -+| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+- -- -- -- +- -- -- -- -- +- -- -- -+- -- -- +- -- -- -- -- +- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -+|id | int(1. NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment || votes | int(1. NO | |0 | |+- -- -- -- +- -- -- -- -- +- -- -- -+- -- -- +- -- -- -- -- +- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -+2 rows inset(0. Even if we were to try and pass a null value for votes, or omit it, mysql will prevent us from having a null vote count. ERROR 1. 04. 8(2. Column 'votes' cannot be null. So in our first attempt, explicitly telling it to make votes NULL is disallowed by mysql. While you might consider an explicit declaration of null to be far fetched, many people use object relational mapping libraries or database classes that utilize a database mapping system and initialize values for you automagically. Unless you've read the code of the library yourself and verified the behavior you don't actually know what it might be doing behind the scenes, and it's not illogical for such a library to start with null values for a column that allows null, when no other value has been specified. Our second attempt intentionally omits the vote column in the insert statement. Query OK, 1 row affected (0. This could be simply a mistake in the code, or an intentional strategy. Regardless, we now, thanks to the Default option, get the initialization we wanted, even though the client did not specify a value for "votes". Is NOT NULL necessary if we already have set a Default? The answer to this question is YES. The reason for this is that if we explicitly try to assign NULL to votes, mysql will allow it, and not produce an error. Because the value is explicitly set, the Default will not cause an error, and we will inject a row with a NULL value into the database, which is what we don't want to happen. Default "0"; Query OK, 1 row affected (0. Records: 1 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0mysql> describe screenshots; +- -- -- -- +- -- -- -- -- +- -- -- -+- -- -- +- -- -- -- -- +- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -+| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+- -- -- -- +- -- -- -- -- +- -- -- -+- -- -- +- -- -- -- -- +- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -+|id | int(1. NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment || votes | int(1. Status: 0xc. 00. 00. Windows 7 Help Forums. Reboot and try tapping the F8 key to see if the Repair Console is located on Advanced Boot tools. If so you can try running the steps given without the CD although the CD will work better. Burn a repair CD so you have more options: System Repair Disc - Create. 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Un libro (del latín liber, libri) es una obra impresa, manuscrita o pintada en una serie de hojas de papel, pergamino, vitela u otro material, unidas por un lado (es. Como fazer uma mulher ter orgasmos múltiplos. Técnicas de excitação anal, vaginal sexo oral e do clitóris. Fotos. Como agradar um homem/mulher na cama. O ponto G. Un ebook (scritto anche e-book o eBook), in italiano libro elettronico, è un libro in formato digitale a cui si può avere accesso mediante computer e dispositivi. Libro - Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre. Un libro (del latínliber, libri) es una obra impresa, manuscrita o pintada en una serie de hojas de papel, pergamino, vitela u otro material, unidas por un lado (es decir, encuadernadas) y protegidas con tapas, también llamadas cubiertas. Un libro puede tratar sobre cualquier tema. Según la definición de la Unesco,[1] un libro debe poseer 2. También se llama "libro" a una obra de gran extensión publicada en varias unidades independientes, llamados "tomos" o "volúmenes". Otras veces se llama también "libro" a cada una de las partes de una obra, aunque físicamente se publiquen todas en un mismo volumen (ejemplo: Libros de la Biblia). Hoy en día, no obstante, esta definición no queda circunscrita al mundo impreso o de los soportes físicos, dada la aparición y auge de los nuevos formatos documentales y especialmente de la World Wide Web. ![]() El libro digital o libro electrónico, conocido como e- book, está viendo incrementado su uso en el mundo del libro y en la práctica profesional bibliotecaria y documental. Además, el libro también puede encontrarse en formato audio, en cuyo caso se denomina audiolibro. Desde los orígenes, la humanidad ha tenido que hacer frente a una cuestión fundamental: la forma de preservar y transmitir su cultura, es decir, sus creencias y conocimientos, tanto en el espacio como en el tiempo. El planteamiento de esta cuestión supone: por un lado, determinar la forma de garantizar la integridad intelectual del contenido de la obra y la conservación del soporte en el que fue plasmada, y por otro, encontrar el medio por el cual se mantendrá inalterada la intención o finalidad para la cual se concibió. Los orígenes de la historia del libro se remontan a las primeras manifestaciones pictóricas de nuestros antepasados, la pintura rupestre del hombre del paleolítico. Con un simbolismo, posiblemente cargado de significados mágicos, estas pinturas muestran animales, cacerías y otras escenas cotidianas del entorno natural del hombre antiguo, que trataba de dominar las fuerzas adversas de la naturaleza capturando su esencia mediante su representación. Son el más antiguo precedente de los primeros documentos impresos de que se tiene memoria. Comunicación oral y formas rudimentarias[editar]Las señales gestuales fueron la primera forma de expresar y transmitir mensajes. La palabra hablada es la manera más antigua de contar historias. Mediante fórmulas de valor mnemotécnico[2] se estructuraban narraciones, que pasaban de generación en generación como valiosa herencia cultural de los más diversos grupos humanos. Dichas reglas mnemotécnicas ayudaban tanto a la memorización como a la difusión de los relatos. Es el caso de los poemas homéricos, que han merecido valiosos estudios sobre el particular. Posiblemente, gran parte de las tradiciones y leyendas han tenido semejante inicio. Un libro electrónico, [1] libro digital o ciberlibro, conocido en inglés como e-book o eBook, es la versión o evolución electrónica o digital de un libro. Web oficial de la Universidad de A Coruña. Enlaces a centros, departamentos, servicios, planes de estudios. Un libro è un insieme di fogli, stampati oppure manoscritti, delle stesse dimensioni, rilegati insieme in un certo ordine e racchiusi da una copertina. Is and in to a was not you i of it the be he his but for are this that by on at they with which she or from had we will have an what been one if would who has her. Esta transmisión oral tenía el inconveniente de los «ruidos» que deformaban el mensaje. La mayoría de las veces era el narrador (rapsoda, aeda, juglar) quien en función de sus intereses la deformaba de una u otra forma. La escritura[editar]Cuando los sistemas de escritura fueron inventados en las antiguas civilizaciones, el hombre utilizó diversos soportes de escritura: tablillas de arcilla, ostracon, placas de hueso o marfil, tablas de madera, papiros, tablillas enceradas, planchas de plomo, pieles curtidas, etc. La escritura fue el resultado de un proceso lento de evolución con diversos pasos: imágenes que reproducían objetos cotidianos (pictografía); representación mediante símbolos (ideografía); y la reproducción de sílabas y letras. Los más antiguos vestigios de escritura se encuentran, hacia finales del IV milenio a. C., en el Antiguo Egipto, con jeroglíficos, y la antigua Mesopotamia, mediante signos cuneiformes (escritura cuneiforme; utilizaban una varilla con sección triangular, que al hendir en placas de arcilla, dejaba una marca en forma de cuña). La usaron los sumerios, acadios, asirios, hititas, persas, babilonios etc. La escritura egipcia, que perduró más de tres milenios, mediante jeroglíficos, representaba ideas abstractas, objetos, palabras, sílabas, letras y números. Evolucionó en las escrituras hierática y demótica. Otros pueblos, como los hititas y los aztecas también tuvieron tipos propios de escritura. La escritura china más antigua que se conoce son 5. C. en el yacimiento de Xiaotun, en la provincia de Henan. Pero los primeros libros reconocibles de China corresponden al siglo VI a. C., los jiance o jiandu, rollos de finas tiras de bambú o madera grabados con tinta indeleble y atados con cordel. Estos textos servían principalmente a causas institucionales , era la obra de funcionarios civiles o militares.[3]Desde Confucio en adelante (5. C.) los libros se convirtieron en importantes instrumentos de aprendizaje, se escribieron tratados de filosofía, medicina, astronomía y cartografía. En el período de los reinos combatientes (4. C.) La seda se usó mucho como soporte para escribir. La tela era ligera, resistente al clima húmedo, absorbía bien la tinta y proporcionaba al texto un fondo blanco, sin embargo era mucho más cara que el bambú, es por esto que en ocasiones se hacía una copia en bambú antes de grabarse en seda los textos importantes. La invención del papel según la tradición china, se atribuye a un eunuco de la corte imperial llamado Cai Lin en el 1. C. Usando nuevos ingredientes (trapos viejos, cáñamo, corteza de árbol y redes de pescar) creó un método de fabricación de papel muy similar al que se usa hoy en día. Pero el papel tardó cientos de años en reemplazar al bambú y la seda, fue hasta finales del siglo II d. C. que la corte imperial lo usó en cantidades importantes. Esta innovación no se propagó fuera de China hasta el 6. C. aproximadamente, y alcanzó Europa a través de España hasta el siglo XII. A mediados del siglo VIII los chinos inventaron la impresión xilográfica, o el grabado en madera, y la necesidad de reproducir un gran número de textos e imágenes budistas, calendarios, manuales de adivinación y diccionarios promovió una rápida y temprana propagación de la xilografía. El primer libro impreso chino que se ha encontrado es el Sutra del diamante del 8. C. Los impresores chinos crearon los tipos móviles hacia el siglo XI, el escritor chino Ch'en Kua (1. Mengshi Pitan), según el escritor el herrero Jen. Tsung de la dinastía de los Song del norte entre 1. También se le atribuye la creación de una mesa giratoria para guardar los caracteres, esta técnica se llamaba tipografía tablearia. Hacia el 1. 30. 0 Wang- Tcheng, un técnico agrónomo, emplazó la arcilla por madera de azufaifo, que era mucho más dura. Pero este avance no revolucionó la imprenta hasta el punto que lo hizo Gutenberg en Europa 4. A diferencia de las lenguas europeas, el chino escrito requiere miles de caracteres únicos, lo que hace mucho más eficaz los bloques de madera individuales que los enormes conjuntos de tipos reutilizables. En contraste con el declive de las artes de los escribas en occidente en los siglos que siguieron a la creación de la imprenta de tipos móviles, la caligrafía china conservó su prestigio, era un arte. No obstante, a finales del siglo XV, China había producido más libros que el resto del mundo junto. Los árabes aprendieron la técnica para fabricar papel de sus contactos con China en el siglo VIII, y este se introdujo en Europa en el siglo XII a través de la España musulmana.[3]La obra xilográfica más antigua encontrada hasta nuestros días es el Dharani Sutra de Corea, datado en el 7. C., aunque no se sabe quién fue el inventor de la xilografía los chinos y coreanos fueron los que impulsaron la impresión xilográfica, principalmente para editar textos religiosos. El budismo chino y coreano fue el vehículo que trasmitió la xilografía a Japón. Pero Corea realizó muchos otros avances que revolucionaron la manera de imprimir y en consecuencia el libro. Entre 1. 23. 4 y 1. |
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